The History and Development of stop motion animation.

The History and Development of stop motion animation.

Thaumatrope

John Ayrton Paris invented the Thaumatrope in 1825.

When the strings are twirled rapidly the card rotates on its axis and the two images appear to combine. This works because your brain sees the two images at the same time, so it appears to be in the same picture. Thaumatrope's are easy to use and pretty easy to make all you need is two pieces of string and a bit of card.




Phenakistoscope

Joseph Plateau invented the Phenakistoscope in 1832.

The device that used the persistence of vision principle to create an illusion of motion.The The Phenakistoscope uses a spinning disc attached to a handle. Around the centre of the disc are a series of drawings showing phases of an animation and cut through it are a series of equally spaced radial slits. The user spins the disc and looks through the moving slits to see the animation come to life. A variant of it had two discs, one with slits and one with pictures; this was slightly more unwieldy but needed no mirror. Unlike the Zoetrope and its successors, the Phenakistoscope can only be practically used by one person at a time.   

Zoetrope

William Horner invented the Zoetrope in 1834.

The Zoetrope is the wheel of life. When you place a strip of drawings inside the Zoetrope's drum, spin it and look through the slots, you will see the images come to life. This illusion of motion depends on two things; persistence of vision and the phi phenomenon. Only one person can view the Zoetrope at one time.

Praxinoscope

Charles-Émile Reynaud invented the Praxinoscope in 1877.

The Praxionscope works like the Zoetrope, it used a strip of pictures placed around the inner surface of a spinning cylinder, but the difference is that the moving image is shown on the mirror in the middle of the Praxinoscope.

Kinetoscope

Thomas Edison and William Kennedy Dickson invented the Kinetoscope in 1897.

The Kinetoscope was designed for films to be viewed by one individual at a time through a peephole viewer window at the top of the device. As many people can watch the animation at once if they can see the mirror. The devise is a bit like the Zoetrope.

Developers

George Pal was born in 1908 Cegléd, Hungary.
He was nominated for Academy Awards in the category Best Short Subject Cartoons for seven consecutive years (1942–1948) and received an honorary award in 1944. This inspired pursue his career in stop-motion animation. George Pal was famous for creating the Puppetoons. The characters in the Puppetoons are made by using a series of different hand-carved wooden puppets.

Willis Harold O'Brien was born  2 March 1886, Oakland, California, United States.
Willis was responsible for some of the best-known images in cinema history and was awarded the Winsor McCay Award. He was famous for the animation in KIng Kong.

 


Ray Harryhausen was a producer who created a form of stop-motion model animation known as "Dynamation". He was born in Los Angeles, California, United States in 29 June 1920. Ray was famous for animation in the 'Jason and the Argonauts' film. He over lapped the pictures of the clay skeletons on to the footage of real people to make it look like they was fighting.


Phil Tippett was famous for stop-motion and computerized character animation. He was born in Berkeley, Caflifornia, United states on the 27 september 1951. Phil Tippett animated some of the scenes in the first Star Wars films. He made most of the models out of clay.


Otmar Gutmann is best known for his long-running creation of the British-Swiss stop-motion children's television series Pingu, He made the animation Pingu come to life by using clay. He was born on the 24 April 1937 in Munstertal, Germany.



Tim Burton was born on the 25 august 1958 in Burbank, california, united states. Henry Selick was born in New Hersey, United states on the 30 November 1952. They are both famous for making the film Coraline. They made the film Coraline by animating puppets.


Adam Shaheen (Cuppa Coffee) was born on the 13 October 1964. He own Cuppa Coffee studios that had a award-winning broadcast design. Cuppa Coffee made lots of short animations like the one I have posted below, they used puppets to make the animation come to life. 

Russell Peters Christmas from Cuppa Coffee Studios on Vimeo.













The Brothers Quay. Stephen and Timothy Quay are american identical twin brothers. They won awards for outstanding set design for their work. They internationally known for their enigmatic and obscure animated films, drawings and music productions. Their films are shown in the middle of particular sources of inspiration as artifacts from scientific collections, curiosities and early twentieth-century drawings of psychiatric patients.



Nick Park (Aardman) was born on the 6 December 1958 in Lancashire. He was best known for making Wallace and Gromit and Shaun the sheep, he made the models out of clay.









Media Platforms and Audiences

TV programme



I think Creature Comfort is aimed at most people because it has talking animals what children like but there is also adult humor which  most teenage and adults like. I would say that it's aimed at male and females because the characters in the TV program have both male and female voices.



The Clangers is audience is aimed at children. It is a friendly funny animation for kids. The characters in the TV program don't speak they just whistle, this shows that it's aimed at young children so they can follow the story of the show because without even being able to talk properly yet. I think the Clangers is aimed at male and female children but i would probably say male overall because of the 


Feature Film



I think FANTASTIC MR. FOX is aimed at everyone because there is a amazing story line for adults and talking animals for the kids. I would say it's aimed more at children because of the humor. I would say it's aimed more for males because the main character is male.



James and the Giant Peach is aimed children because of the story line and the characters. I would say the main target audience is male children because the main character is a boy called 'James' and he's a child.

Advertisement 



This Honda advert is aimed at people that drive because the advert is advertising there products. I would say that it's definitely aimed at males over the age of 20 because of all the cars and motor bikes in the advert.
This McCoy's crisps advert is just aimed at the people who eat there product, but i would say it's aimed more at males all ages just because there is a male voice speaking.

Music video




The target audience for this music video is the people that like to listen to 21 savage, I think the main target audience is young males over the age of 16 because there is some explicit language.


The target audience for this music video when it came out I think was aimed at young male adults aged between 16-30 because the male person singing in the music video is male, the music video is also aimed at anyone who listens to Peter Gabriel.

Indent (channel indent)



The target audience is whoever is watching channel 4. I wouldn't say there is a pacific target audience for male or female or age for this channel indent because there is and voices or anything to say that it's more for males or females.



The target audience is whoever is watching BBC three but I would say this channel indent is more aimed at children because of the noises when they BBC three logo moves around and falls down. I would probably say this channel indent is aimed more at females because of the logo being in pink.  


Conclusion

I think stop animation is for anyone who enjoys it, I thought stop motion animation was pretty boring until I started this animation post next think I find myself watching loads of it on YouTube. I would like to see more animation throughout the future because I think it's pretty amazing how you make an object do anything you want and make it look alive. Hopefully there will be more stop motion animation like Creature Comforts and Wallace and Gromit that will get more people in to watching stop motion animation again. A lot of animation now is done with pixels instead of pencil, I think this is because of technology evolving so it's easier to do it all in pixels.

References

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thaumatrope

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=A_2TW5X4H6E

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phenakistiscope

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=U2OotBGyA-M

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zoetrope

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SBg6dAE3mI0
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Praxinoscope

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wqsR4WwJ6DU
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinetoscope

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sfI0NVC0hLU

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Pal

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3pbEgoyzKVA

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willis_H._O%27Brien

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=u2PjgxnyyQo

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ray_Harryhausen

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pF_Fi7x93PY

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phil_Tippett

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VTGQ_K0DBPo

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otmar_Gutmann

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=u4fFzAm1R8k

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Selick

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tim_Burton

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rx1TXzxMEfo

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam_Shaheen

https://vimeo.com/36610217

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brothers_Quay

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vWeRnpMgbj8

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nick_Park

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=T0qagA4_eVQ

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ok6CoIwcJ-E

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CqzpBtxTiXU

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=n2igjYFojUo

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iqrGesf2xbg

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zpFqISko8b8

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZHNg4wqS7e4

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OJWJE0x7T4Q

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IKlUgDXf7zE

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1zSKrWRRfIk

https://www.google.co.uk/imghp?hl=en&tab=wi